Friday, 11 October 2013
Thursday, 10 October 2013
Saturday, 31 August 2013
Thursday, 1 August 2013
Goel offers multipurpose pilot plant for chemical and
pharmaceutical industries for process development, scale-up, process
stimulation and kilo-scale cGMP production in batch and semi-batch operation.
The pilot plant used for chemical processing includes solid charging, liquid
charging, reaction, heating/cooling, rectification, auto/manual reflux
arrangement, layer sepration, product cooler, vaccum catch pot, vaccum header
etc.
The multipurpose pilot plant designed in such a way that we
can modify the same easily as per process requirement.
Available with
- Jacketed full glass reactor/cylindrical full glass reactor with oil heating cooling bath/spherical full glass reactor with oil heating cooling bath.
- Multipurpose glass distillation overhead.
- Stainless steel/MS epoxy coated/MS painted frame supporting.
- Flame proof/Non flame proof/cGMP/non GMP models available.
- Excellent corrosion resistant.
- Temp. controller
- Gas purging, solid charging/multi liquid addition.
- Vaccum/exhaust piping
- Additional feeders/receivers
- Solid feeding
For more information, You can log on to our website or check
us on Social sites or drop an email on : s-mart@goelscientific.com
Sunday, 28 July 2013
Saturday, 27 July 2013
GOEL SCIENTIFIC GLASS WORKS LTD. is one of the leading
Scientific glass fabricator in the world, who has provided
the Glass Industry of India a big leap in the Global
Market. We have made presence in all the populated continents and are
representing & supplying our product & service
worldwide. At present, we have over 250 satisfied customers across the
globe.
|
We fabricate glass parts from best raw material from
various leading manufacture for its production. On request, we also
produce glass parts from Leading European Borosilicate
Glass 3.3 tubing supplier which fulfills all major standards of DIN
ISO 3585 & ASTM E438 Type I, Class A and thus offering
high accuracy & excellent optical properties which is at par to
other leading manufactures across the globe.
|
Understanding the Glass at it's best, we forge Glass with
the precise mixed combination of craftsmanship of Potter,
Blacksmith & Goldsmith with a blend of engineering,
being “The Transparent Specialist”.
|
We specialize in design, fabrication, engineering,
installation & commissioning of Pilot Plant/Mini-Plant & Standard
Distillation Unit for Research & Development. All
glass parts are designed, fabricated, tested & installed as per
International Norms like ISO 3585, 3586, EN BS 1595, AD
2000 Merkblatt. On request, glass pilot plant parts are available
with CE Marking & documentation with added monetary
value.
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We have been launching an entire range of glass equipments
in the Indian & global market. A few are as below:
|
Developed the unique XTRONG RANGE, which possess a
tightening strength as high as 3 times than
earlier conventional ones and thus almost eliminates
leakage and breakage problems while tightening.
1990:
|
Introduced Glass Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers for the
first time in Indian market.
1994:
|
Started “Process Plant Division “ for the development of
New Products.
1998
|
Started manufacturing Spherical Vessels from an entirely
new technique very first time in the country,
placing us at par with overseas manufacturers of such
vessels.
2000:
|
Became the first ISO-9001 certified company in the “Glass
Equipment Manufacturing “segment in India.
2002:
|
Successfully executed export order of 640,000 multi-necked
flasks within a time period of 8 months.
2003:
|
Developed 300-Litre Spherical Vessel & participated as
exhibitor in ACHEMA-2003, Frankfurt, Germany.
2004:
|
800 DN pipe section manufacturing for the first time in
India.
2005
|
Manufactured 500 Ltr. Spherical Vessel.
2006:
|
Participated in ACHEMA-2006 for 2nd time & given
seminar on “Jumbo Rotary”at Frankfurt, Germany.
2007:
|
Developed FLEX-HE (Assembled coil type) heat exchangers.
|
2008:
Awarded for outstanding performance for the year 2006 - 07
by Govt. of Gujarat, Ministry of Ind. & Mines.
2009:
|
Manufactured for the first time 800 Ltr. Kettle and
participated in ACHEMA -2009 at Frankfurt, Germany for
the consecutive 3rd time.
2010:
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Developed Flexi Double Jacketed Vessel (Triple Wall –
Detachable Jacket)
2011:
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Developed Assembled Jacketed Vessel up to 200L Capacity.
2012:
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A Unique beautification project designed to reach turn over
Rs. 2500 Cr. from 10 Cr. in 10 years.
Laboratory works require apparatus
made in a Borosilicate 3.3 expansion glass which offers maximum
inertness to widest range of
chemical substances, withstand thermal shock, high temperature without
deforming and resilient enough to
withstand the normal laboratory handling, washing and sterilizing
processes.
|
Borosilicate glass represents
unmatched standardized glass for construction of Laboratory
Glasswares. Its steadly growing
use is due to many advantages over conventional materials.
|
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Borosilicate glass is chosen for
its unique chemical and physical properties. Borosilicate glass can be
considered as being composed of
oxides. Silica (SiO2 ), boric oxide (B2O3 ) and phosphorous
pentaoxide (P2O5 ) are chief
glass form oxides. Soda (Na2O), Lime ( CaO ), Alumina (Al2O3 ) Potash
(K2O) Magnesia (MgO) and lead
oxide (PbO) are the principle modifiers/fluxes.
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
The composition of borosilicate
glass used has following approximate composition.
SiO2 - 80.6
%B2 O3 - 12.5%
Na2O - 4.5 %Al2 O3 - 2.2
%
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RESISTANCE
TO CHEMICALS
Borosilicate glass is inert to
almost all materials except hydrofluoric acid (HF) phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
and hot strong caustic solutions.
Of these, Hydrofluoric acid has the most serious effect, even when it is
present in PPM (parts per million)
in solutions, Whereas phosphoric acid and caustic solutions cause
no problems when cold but at
elevated temperature corrosion occurs. In case of caustic solutions upto
30% concentration can be handled
safely at ambient temperature.
|
Under actual operating conditions,
the effect of turbulance, and traces of other chemicals in the
solution may increase or decrease
the rate of attack. So it is not possible to give exact figures for
corrosion by caustic solutions.
|
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
Linear coefficient of thermal
expansion the coefficient of thermal expansion of borosilicate glass over
the temperature 0-300 OC is
33 x 10-7 / OC. This is very low when compared with other glasses
and
metals. That is why borosilicate
glass is often called low expansion borosilicate glass.
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SPECIFIC HEAT
|
Specific heat between 25OC and 300
C is average to be 0.233Kcal/Kg C.
|
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity is 1.0
Kcal/hr. m C over the permissible operating temperature range.
|
ANNEALING
|
Annealing of glass is the process
where the glass is heated and kept for a defined period of time to relieve
internal stresses. Careful cooling under controlled conditions is essential
to ensure that no stresses are reintroduced by chilling/cooling.
|
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
|
The lack of ductility of glass
prevents the equalization of stresses at local irregularities or flaws and
the
breakage strength varies
considerably about a mean value. This latter is found to occur at a tensile
strength of about 700kgs/cm.
In order to allow for the spread
of breaking stress, a large factor of safety is applied when determining the
wall thickness requirement to
allow operation up to specified limit of working pressure.
|
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
|
Borosilicate glass shows no
appreciable absorption in the visible region of spectrum and therefore
appears clear and colorless. In photo chemical process the transparency of
ultra violet is of particular importance. It follows from the transmittance
of material in UV region that photochemical reactions such as chlorination
& sulpho -chlorination can be performed in it.
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Head
Office :
C-31/A, Sardar Estate, Ajwa Road,
Vadodara - 390 019 Gujarat, India
Ph. : +91-265-2561595, 2521181 l
Fax : +91-265-2561482, 2511428
|
Friday, 26 July 2013
We at GOEL manufactures and
supplies Condensers up to 24inches.
Condensers are used for condensation of vapors and cooling of liquids.
Condensers are made by fusing number of parallel coils in a glass shell. Coils
are made in different diameters using tubes of different bores.
The average co-efficient of heat transfer in coil condenser
is considered as-
Condensation 200 - 270 Kcal/m ,hr, C appx.
Cooling 100
- 150 Kcal/m ,hr, C appx.
Below table shows the detail dimensions
of different size condensor:
Precautions to be taken in use of condensers
- Vapors should be passed through shell only.
- Maximum pressure of coolant should be 2.7 bars.
- Adequate flow of coolant should be used.
- Steam should not be used in coils.
- Coolant should not be heated to boiling point.
- Coolant control valve should be turned slowly.
- Coolant should be allowed to drain freely.
- Brine can be used in coils in a closed circuit.
- Water main should be connected with flexible hose.
- Ensure no freezing of water remaining in the coils.
- Condensers should be mounted vertically only.
- Condensers can be mounted in series to provide larger surface area.
METHODS OF USE
Vapors from bottom
This method is simple to install over a reactor. However this results
in condensate returning substantially at its condensing temperature. In this
method care must be taken that condensate is not excessive that it can lead to
"logging" the coils and create back pressure in the system. Generally
a reflux divider is used below the condenser to take out the distillate.
Vapors from top
This method produces a cool condensate using the entire cooling
surface area. This method should be used where the condensate can lead to
"logging" of coils.
Tuesday, 25 June 2013
We at GOEL understand the requirement and fulfill the needs by supplying
the best of ours to consumers.
Jacketed Vessel is used for special
applications. A cylindrical vessel is supplied with jacket of glass for heating
and cooling purpose. Jacket is sealed to the vessel with Viton ‘O’ sealing
Glass jacket can be used for a
maximum operating pressure of 0.5bar and a maximum operating temperature of 130
degree Celsius in jacket. We manufacture
jacketed vessels from 5Ltr to 200Ltr. capacity.
For more details,
Thursday, 20 June 2013
Borosilicate Glass Beaded Pipes are excellent corrosion resistant. The smooth surface of the glass prevents the sticking of the dirt & thus enables visual monitoring. Borosilicate Glass Beaded Pipes are best suited for chemically/organically contaminated waste water, waste gases, exhaust air, laboratory building drainage, Kitchen wastewater, sanitary wastewater, wastewater at airport runways etc. Borosilicate Glass Beaded Pipes are durable against acids, salty solutions & other organic substances. Due to the above, Borosilicate Beaded Pipe are better in such application in comparison to metals & plastics. All the beaded pipes are suitable for operating pressure of 0.5 bar (g). Beaded pipes joints are vacuum proof & are suitable for working temperature up to 120’C only. We offer Beaded Pipes & components from DN 40 to DN 150. Incase you have requirement of bigger diameter component, feel free to discuss.
Friday, 7 June 2013
Heating Mantle is used for electrical heating of cylindrical as well as spherical vessels. Also
available in flameproof & non-flame proof models. The flaneproof heating mantle is similar to
normal mantle but the main difference is in construction of heating elements. Heating
elements is flameproof by covering it in magnesium oxide powder & SS metal tube. Heater
terminal terminate in flameproof cold junction terminal enclosure. All electrical control like
regulator, switch, indicating lamp, relay etc. fitted in flameproof switch encloser.
for more infirmation visit our website : www.goelscientific.com
To fit a bottom outlet valve (BAL type) all spherical and cylindrical vessels can be supplied
with valve seat in bottom outlet. For this, Add a suffix "/B" to the catalogue reference of a
vessel, for e.g. 'VSL50’ should be mentioned as 'VSL50/B'
for more infirmation visit our website : www.goelscientific.com
A wide variety of valves are described in this section. All the valves are made of Borosilicate
Glass body & PTFE plug so that process fluid just comes in contact with Glass & PTFE only.
Borosilicate Glass body permits the visual checking of the operation.
All the valves are suitable for operation under full vacuum conditions & a maximum
temperature of 200'C.
Borosilicate Valves are available from DN 25 to DN 50.
Bigger size valves are available on request.
Wednesday, 5 June 2013
This is a versatile unit and can be used as Reaction Distillation Unit, Fractional Distillation Unit or a combination of both. All features of Reaction Distillation Unit and fractional Distillation Unit are incorporated.
Heating bath heats and evaporates the contents of the vessel. The stirrer agitates to ensure uniform stirring, heat distribution and to avoid heat spots. Vapors enter into the packed column and get fractionated. Vapors of low boiling liquid enter into condenser, get condensed and collected in twin receivers. From the final receiver, distillate can be removed without breaking the vacuum.
The unit is complete with a spherical vessel, drain valve, heating bath, thermometer pocket, and liquid addition vessel, agitator, packed column, coil condenser, product cooler and twin receivers.
The unit is available in vessel size of 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 Ltr. and is suitable for operation under atmospheric pressure and full vacuum.
Monday, 3 June 2013
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Unit
We at GOEL Scientific has been
providing complete technical solutions to the chemical, agro and pharma
industries. We understood the needs and requirements of consumer and provide
quality products with services. GOEL team is dedicated to ensure all the products
are being delivered beyond the consumer’s expectation.
Liquid extraction, sometimes
called solvent extraction, is the separation of constituents of a liquid
solution by contact with another insoluble liquid.
The liquid to be extracted is
poured in to an extraction vessel. Solvent is boiled in a reboiler vessel and
condensed in an overhead condenser, the condensed liquid collecting in a reflux
divider and passing through pipework to the extraction vessel. The pipework
incorporated valves in order that the solvent can enter the extraction vessel
at either the base of the top, depending on the relative densities of the
solvent and liquid to be extracted. The solvent and the extracted liquid pass
back to the reboiler and the process is repeated until the extraction is
complete. The extraction vessel is then drained and the solvent evaporated from
the reboiler vessel and collected in the extraction vessel enabling the two
liquid to be drained from their respective vessels.
For More Information you can visit our website: www.goelscientific.com
Thursday, 30 May 2013
Wednesday, 1 May 2013
SAFE
USE OF GLASSWARE
When heated with proper care Laboratory Glasswares will give
long and satisfactory service. The
following notes assist users in obtaining the maximum life and
performance from their Laboratory
Glassware.
HEATING
AND COOLING
Glass may suffer damage in three ways :
* It may break under thermal stress in the 'steady state'.
* It may break under sudden heating or cooling.
* Glass if heated beyond certain temperature, may acquire a
permanent stress on cooling which could
cause subsequent failure.
The following suggestions will help in avoiding failures during
heating and cooling procedures.
1. During evaporation, never leave vessel unattended. Lower the
temperature gradually as the liquid
level drops, to avoid dryness condition, otherwise glass vessel
may crack or explode.
2. Always use caution when placing heated vessel on a cold or
damp surface. Sudden temperature
may cause the vessel to break.
3. Always cool vessels slowly to avoid thermal breakage.
4. Never apply heat to badly scratched or etched vessel to prevent
chance of breakage.
5. Avoid point source of heating to a vessel and always diffuse
it by using a metal guage or air/water
bath. Alternatively ensure uniform heating of the vessel by
slow movement of the vessel in relation to
he heat source.
6. Uniform heat is critical factor for some chemical reactions.
For this adjust large soft flame of Bunsen
burner to heat slowly but also more uniformly.
7. Adjust the flame contacts and heat the vessel below the
liquid level to avoid breakage of the vessel.
8. Always use anti-bumping devices in the vessel, such as
pumice or glass wool when rapid heating of
the vessel and contents is required and to prevent internal
abrasions of the vessels.
9. Thick walled glasswares are best heated with the use of an
electric immersion heater and should not
e subjected to direct flame or other localised heat source.
10. Do not heat glassware's over electric heaters with open
elements to avoid localised stress and
chances of breakage.
11. Always ensure that the surface of the hot plate is larger
in area than the base of the vessel being
heated to prevent uneven heating and glassware breakage.
12. When using electrical appliances always ensure to follow
manufacturer's instructions.
MIXING
AND STIRRING
1. To prevent scratching the inside of a vessel always use a
'policemen' or similar device on stirring
rods.
2. When using a glass vessel with a magnetic stirrer always
uses a covered follower to prevent
abrading the inside of the vessel.
3. Before using glass or metal mechanical stirrer in a glass
vessel, predetermine the height of the stirrer
to ensure there is no contact between the stirrer blades and
the bottom or sides of the vessel.
4. Never mix sulphuric acid and water inside a glass-measuring
cylinder. The heat of reaction can break
the base of the cylinder.
VACUUM
AND PRESSURE
1. Always follow safety measures when working with glassware
subjected to pressure or vacuum.
2. Never use glassware beyond the recommended safe limit.
3. Gradually apply and release positive and negative pressures
and never subject to sudden pressure
changes.
JOINING AND SEPARATING GLASS APPARATUS
1. When storing glass stopcocks and joints insert a thin strip
of paper between joint surfaces to prevent
sticking.
2. Never store stopcocks for long periods with lubricant still
on the ground surfaces.
3. Glass stopcocks on Burettes and Separating Funnels should be
lubricated frequently to prevent
sticking.
4. If a ground joint sticks, the use of penetrating oil will
often prove useful in helping separation.
Carefully rocking the cone in the socket or gently tapping the
socket flange on a wooden surface can
generally achieve separation.
5. In using lubricants it is advisable to apply a light coat of
grease completely around the upper part of
the joint and avoid greasing that part of the joint, which
contacts the inner part of the apparatus.
6. (a). Hydrocarbon grease are commonly used on standard taper
joints. Most laboratory solvents,
including acetone, can easily remove it.
(b). For higher temperature or high vacuum applications,
silicon grease is often preferred and it can
be removed readily with chloroform.
( c ). For long term reflux or extraction reactions, glycerin
grease is suitable and it is soluble in water.
7. Wear heavy protective gloves when inserting glass tubing
into a bung. The use of water, oil or
glycerol is recommended on both tubing and rubber bung while
carrying this operation.
PERSONALSAFETY
1. To prevent accidents use tongs or asbestos gloves to remove
all glassware from heat source.
2. Follow safety measures.
3. Before opening Acid bottle, always flush the outside of
bottle with water.
4. All mercury containers should be kept well stoppered.
Mercury toxicity is cumulative and element's
ability to amalgamate with a number of metals is well known.
5. Never taste or smell chemicals for identification and never
drink from a beaker.
6. When using concentrated acids, alkalies or potentially
hazardous materials use mechanical means
or pipeting. Avoid pipeting by mouth.
7. Label all containers before filling. Never fill unlabeled
containers and throw away contents of
unlabeled containers.
8. Do not look down into a test-tube to avoid any type of
accident while test tube being heated or
containing chemicals.
9. Do not permit glass-to-metal contact when clamping
glassware, and do not excessively tighten the
clamps to avoid breakages.
10. Splattering from acids, caustic materials and strong
oxidizing solutions on the skin or clothing should
be washed off immediately with large quantities of water.
11. When working with chlorine, hydrogen, sulphide, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and other
very toxic substances, always use a protective mask or perform
these experiments under a fume
hood in a well-ventilated area.
12. In working with volatile materials, remember that heat
causes expansion and confinement of
expansion results in explosion.
13. Perchloric acid is especially dangerous because it explodes
on contact with organic materials. Do not
use perchloric acid around wooden benches or tables. Keep
perchloric acid bottles on glass or
ceramic trays having enough volume to hold all the acid in case
the bottle breaks. When using
perchloric acid, always wear protective clothing.
14. When using hot plates and other electrical equipments,
ensure the wire and plugs are in good
condition. Never handle electrical connection with damp hands.
CLEANING
Successful experimental results can only be achieved by using a
clean apparatus. In all instances
laboratory glassware must be physically clean, in nearly all
cases it must be chemically clean and in
specific cases it must be bacteriological clean or sterile.
There must be no trace of grease and safest
criteria of cleanliness are the uniform wetting of the glass
surface by distilled water. Any prevention of
uniform wetting of the surface will introduce errors such as
distortion of the meniscus and accuracy of
volume.
GENERALCLEANING
1. Experienced personnel must solely undertake. cleaning of
glassware, which contain hazardous
materials.
2. Most new glassware is slightly alkaline in reaction. For
precision chemical tests, new glassware
should be soaked several hours in acid water (1% solution
hydrochloric acid or nitric acid) before
washing.
3. Glassware, which is contaminated with blood clots, culture
media, etc., must be sterilized before
cleaning.
4. If glassware becomes unduly clouded or dirty or contains coagulated
organic matter, it must be
cleaned with chromic acid cleaning solution. The dichromate's
should be handled with extreme care
because it is a powerful corrosive.
5. Wash glassware, as quickly as possible after use but if
delays are unavoidable, the articles should be
allowed to soak in water.
6. Grease is removed by weak sodium carbonate solution or
acetone or fat solvents. Never use strong
alkalis.
7. Hot water with recommended detergents should be used and if
glass is exceptionally dirty a cleaning
powder with a mild abrasive action can be applied - provided
the surface is not scratched.
8. During the washing all parts of the article should be
thoroughly scrubbed with a brush selected for the
shape and size of the glassware. Brushes should always be in
good condition to avoid any abrasion
of the glassware.
9. When chromic acid solution is used, the item may be rinsed
with the cleaning solution or it may be
filled and allowed to stand-the amount of time depending on
amount of contamination on the
glassware.
10. Special types of precipitate material may require removal
with nitric acid, aqua regia or fuming
sulphuric acid. These are very corrosive substances and should
be used only when required.
11. It is imperative that all soap detergents and other
cleaning fluids be removed from glassware before
use. This is especially important with the detergents, slightly
traces of which will interfere with
serological and culture reactions. After cleaning, thoroughly
rinse with tap water ensuring that
containers are partly filled water, shaken and emptied several
times. Finally rinse with demonized or
distilled water.
12. Drying can be undertaken either in baskets or on pegs in
air or at a temperature not exceeding 120 OC.
13. Always protect clean glassware from dust by use of
temporary closures or by placing in a dust free
cabinet. For cleaning Specific type of glassware, please refer
the following pages
CLEANING
SPECIFIC TYPES OF GLASSWARE
PIPETTES
1. Place pipettes tips down, in a cylinder or tall jar of water
immediately after use. Gently place it on a pad
of cotton or wool to prevent breaking of the tips. At a
convenient time, the pipettes may then be
drained and placed in a cylinder or jar of dissolved detergent
or, if exceptionally dirty, in a jar of chromic
acid cleaning solution. After soaking for several hours , or
overnight, drain the pipettes and run tap
water over and through them until all traces of dirt are
removed. Soak the pipettes in distilled water for
at least one hour. Remove from the distilled water, dry the
outside with a cloth shake out the water and
dry.
2. In laboratories where a large number of pipettes are used
daily, it is convenient to use an automatic
pipette washer. Polyethylene baskets and jars may be used for
soaking and rinsing pipettes in
chromic acid cleaning solution.
3. After drying, place pipettes in a dust-free drawer. Wrap
serological and bacteriological pipettes in
paper or place in pipette cans and sterilize in the dry air
sterilizer at 160 OC for two hours. Pipette used
for transferring infectious material should have a plug of
cotton placed in the mouth end of the pipette
before sterilizing.
BUERETTES
(WITH GLASS STOPCOCK)
1. Remove the stopcock key and wash the burette with detergent
and water.
2. Rinse with the tap water until all the dirt is removed. Then
rinse with distilled water and dry.
3. Wash the stopcock key separately. Before the stopcock key is
replaced in the buerette, lubricate the
joint with a small amount of lubricant.
REMEMBER THAT BURETTE STOPCOCK KEYS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE.
4. Always cover burettes when not in use.
CULTURE
TUBES
1. Culture tubes, which have been used, previously must be
sterilized before cleaning. The best general
method for sterlising culture tubes is by autoclaving for 30
minutes at 121OC (15 lb. pressure). Media
that solidify on cooling should be poured out while the tubes
are hot. After the tubes are emptied, brush
with detergent and water, rinse thoroughly with tap water,
rinse with distilled water, place in a basket
and dry.
2. If tubes are to be filled with a medium, which is sterilized
by autoclaving, do not plug until the medium is
added. Both medium and tubes are thus sterilized with one
autoclaving.
3. If the tubes are to be filled with a sterile medium or if
they are to be sterilized by the fractional method
and sterilize the tubes in the autoclaves or dry air sterilizer
before adding the medium.
SEROLOGICALTUBE
1. Serological tubes should be chemically clean but need not be
sterile. However, specimens of blood,
which are to be kept for some time at room temperature, should
be collected in a sterile container. It
may be expedient to sterilize all tubes as routine.
2. To clean and sterilize tubes containing blood, discard the
clots in a waste container and place the
tubes in a large basket. Put the basket with others, in a large
bucket or boiler. Cover with water, add a
fair quantity of soft soap or detergent and boil for 30
minutes. Rinse the tubes and clean with brush,
rinse and dry with the usual precautions.
3. It is imperative when washing serological glassware that all
acid, alkali and detergent be completely
removed. Both acid and lkali in small amounts destroy
complement and in large amounts produce
hemolysis . Detergents interfere with serological reactions.
4. Serological tubes and glassware should be kept separate from
all other glassware and used for
nothing except serological procedures.
DISHES
AND CULTURE BOTTLES
1. Sterilize and clean as detailed under Culture Tubes.
2. Wrap in heavy paper or place in a petri dish can.
3. Sterilize in the autoclave or dry air sterilizer.
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